Cybersex, Censorship, & the Government

Governments around the world are working to restrict sexual material on the Internet.


The First Amendment

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." - StoryMall.com

CDA - Communications Decency Act - struck down by the Supreme Court
COPA - Child Online Protection Act

From CDT:

COPA COMMISSION

The Commission on Online Child Protection met for the first time March 7. The Commission, created by Congress when it passed the Children's Online Protection Act (COPA) in the fall of 1998, is charged with looking into technological options for keeping kids safe online.

The first meeting was primarily administrative. Dr. Donald Telage, the Executive Advisor for Global Internet Strategy, Network Solutions, was elected Chair of the Commission. There was wide-ranging discussion about the Commission's goals, timeline, scope of work, and funding. The newly-elected Chairman indicated that he would draft a proposed meeting schedule, budget and work plan to be circulated for discussion as soon as possible.

The next meeting, which will be open to the public, will be in Washington DC on Friday, April 28, 2000, at the offices of the FTC, 600 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Room 532, Washington, DC from 9 AM to 4 PM.

The Commission agreed in principle to hold a number of hearings in different locations around the US, and that its work should be open to the public, with possible exceptions for information about proprietary technology and law enforcement investigations.

The Commissioners are:

Stephen Balkam, Internet Content Rating Association
John Bastian, Security Software Systems, Inc.
Jerry Berman, Center for Democracy & Technology
Robert Cotner, Evesta.com
Dr. Albert H. DeRosier, Jr., Rocky Mountain College
J. Robert Flores, National Law Center for Children & Families
Albert Ganier, Education Networds of America
Donna Rice Hughes, Author, Kids Online
William M. Parker, Crosswalk.com
Dr. C. James Schmidt, San Jose State University
William L. Schrader, PSINet
Larry Shapiro, Disney's GO.com
Srinija Srinivasan, Yahoo! Inc.
Karen Talbert, Amerivision Lifeline/iFriendly
Dr. Donald Telage, Network Solutions
George Vradenburg III, AOL

Sitting as ex officio non-voting members of the commission are:

Gregory L. Rohde, US Dept of Commerce/NTIA
Michael E. Horowitz, Criminal Division, US Dept of Justice
C. Lee Peeler, Consumer Protection Bureau, Federal Trade Commission.

The section of COPA creating the Commission remains in force even though the provisions of COPA regulating Internet content that is considered "harmful to minors" have been ruled unconstitutional and their enforcement blocked by a federal court. The government has appealed the lower court decision against COPA to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, which heard oral arguments in November 1999, and could rule at any time.

For more information on COPA, see:

CDT's amicus brief arguing that COPA is unconstitutional:
http://www.cdt.org/speech/090199amicus.shtml

The preliminary injunction:
http://www.cdt.org/publications/pp_5.3.html,
http://www.cdt.org/publications/pp_5.2.html

The initial legislation:
http://www.cdt.org/publications/pp_4.26.html

ZDNet - COPA and the Internet


Commission Urges Net Porn Crackdown
CNN Interactive


Panel: Rethink Net Porn Laws
USA Today


No Filtering Recs in COPA Report
The Commission on Child Online Protection sends 12 recommendations to Congress on Friday, and none of them involve filtering software. Declan McCullagh and Nicholas Morehead report from Washington.


Porn Panel: Nix 'Mouse-Trapping'
The Commission on Child Online Protection wants the government to come down hard on sex site practices such as "mouse-trapping" -- when multiple windows open and it takes forever to close them all. Declan McCullagh reports from Washington.


Final Report of the COPA Commission, Presented to Congress, October 20,
2000


PANEL OPPOSES MANDATING USE OF FILTERING SOFTWARE
The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) Commission is set to submit its report to Congress. The report will recommend against mandatory filtering practices in public schools and libraries, says Network Solutions executive and commission chairman Donald Telage. "We did consider them, but not even the most conservative members of the commission felt that was the road to go down," Telage said. The commission is not entirely against the use of filtering technology, however. The report urges the government to promote the use of filtering technologies to protect children from inappropriate Internet content and challenges the industry to develop more sophisticated filters. The completion of the report comes as Congress is considering a bill that would require the use of software filters in public schools and libraries. That bill is tied to a federal spending bill that will likely be voted on soon. (Wall Street Journal, 19 October 2000)


NRC LAUNCHES $855K STUDY ON SHIELDING KIDS FROM WEB PORN
The National Academy of Sciences' National Research Council (NRC) is conducting a study of Internet filtering software and other technologies aimed at protecting children from viewing pornographic content on the Web. The study is being conducted at Congress' behest as part of the 1998 Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act and will include Internet use policies in school and at home. However, the NRC does not plan to recommend a "best" solution, says the study's director, Herb Lin. "We don't want to impose a set of values on the study, because people and schools all have different values," says Lin. "All educators are encouraged to get in touch with us about their solutions for protecting kids from Internet porn," says Lin.
(eSchool News Online, 16 October 2000)


COPA: Snoozin' in the Cabaña
The embattled Commission on Child Online Protection is meeting this week, and there's a whole lot of quibbling going on. Declan McCullagh and Nicholas Morehead report from Washington.


COPA: Peddle Smut, Go to Jail
What to do about purveyors of porn online? Some members of the Commission on Child Online Protection want them prosecuted and imprisoned.
Declan McCullagh reports from Washington.


ONLINE PORN PANEL NEARS CONSENSUS ON EDUCATION
The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) Commission's report to Congress, due October 21, will likely include a recommendation that Congress provide additional funding for the enforcement of obscenity laws that are currently on the books, says commission Chairman Don Telage. Telage has asked Congress to extend the report's deadline from October 2000 to March 2001 and to provide the commission with roughly $1 million in funding. Legislation is pending in the Senate that would address those requests, but it is uncertain if Congress will have the time to address the bill in time to help the COPA commission. The commission has not yet determined whether it will recommend the creation of an Internet domain that would be used solely for online content deemed harmful to children, nor has it reached a decision on a similar proposal to create an exclusively children-oriented domain. Commission members are unanimous in their disdain for mandatory filtering, says Telage. (Newsbytes, September 20 2000)



BOARD BLOCKS STUDENT ACCESS AT SCHOOL COMPUTERS TO SOME WEB SITES
Teachers and students at New York City schools are disturbed that a broad filtering program on the Board of Education's computer system is interfering with legitimate class work. The board uses a filter called I-Gear from Symantec subsidiary Urlabs, and the program blocks access to major news groups, policy groups, and scientific and medical organizations. Students at Benjamin Cardozo High School in Queens were recently assigned to research the pros and cons of an issue, and received an "Access Denied" message when trying to visit sites on breast cancer, eating disorders, child labor, AIDS, and abortion. The city's schools recently received a federal grant allowing all of them to get Internet connections, most of which go through the board's server and are therefore subject to the filter. Many of the schools have had problems with the filter and have filed complaints with the New York Civil Liberties Union. The Board of Education says it is now writing an Internet access policy that will allow schools to adjust I-Gear in an appropriate manner according to the ages of students. (New York Times, 11/10/99)


LIBRARIES UNDER PRESSURE TO INSTALL INTERNET FILTERS
Parents and family groups are increasing the pressure on libraries to install Internet filters to block out pornography and other undesirable Internet content. The city of Hudsonville, Mich., caught in a battle between free-speech groups and conservative family groups, decided to discontinue Internet access at its library rather than face the possibility of lawsuits from one side or the other, a decision that is without precedent, according to the American Library Association. Filtering Facts, a pro-filtering group, released information showing that roughly 1,000 libraries have software filters on all their terminals and that at least 75 libraries made the decision to install the filters in the past year. Many parents are urging Congress to introduce mandatory filtering legislation for public libraries; Arizona and South Dakota already have such laws on the books. (Associated Press, 12/10/99)


Wired: "Europe Looking at Net Content Rules"

Wired News - "Reno Says War on Net Smut Is Just Starting"


"...the Child Pornography Protection Act...at the end of 1996, the law quietly made it a felony to engineer, sell, or even posses computer-simulated images of smutty kids, or sexually explicit depictions of real baby-faced adults."
Wired News - "Making Imaginary Sex Illegal"


INTERNET PORN RULING APPEALED AGAIN
A Virginia law that prohibits state employees from using state computers to access sexually oriented content at work is being challenged in court by half a dozen public college professors, who are being represented by the ACLU. The professors argue that the law, which was declared unconstitutional in early 1998 and then reinstated one year later, hinders their academic research efforts on the Internet. The law "singles out a particular category of expression the legislature decided it didn’t like," and thus is unconstitutional, says Majorie Helms, the ACLU lawyer representing the professors. The law provides exceptions for research that has been approved by a professor’s dean, says William H. Hurd, senior counsel to Attorney General Mark L. Earley. (Washington Post 10/27/99)


E-SIGNATURES BILL CONTAINS COPA DONATION CLAUSE
The Commission on Online Child Protection could receive funding after all, thanks to a proposal from Republican congressmen. Language in the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) called for the creation of the commission, which has been instructed to study child pornography on the Internet, but the group was inexplicably left bereft of funding. A GOP proposal tacked onto electronic signature legislation hopes to solve this problem. The clause would allow private companies to donate gifts of services and property, including office space and computers, "for the purpose of aiding or facilitating the work of the commission." The constitutionality of COPA has been called into question by civil liberties groups, which have engaged the Justice Department in an intense legal battle to kill the act. COPA’s future remains up in the air and will be decided by the courts. (Newsbyte, 16 May 2000)


"Anti-porn Activists Descend on DC" – Wired News


*"Senator Seeks .Sex" -
by Declan McCullagh


ONLINE PORN LAW LOSES AGAIN
A federal appellate court has upheld a lower court injunction against enforcement of the 1998 Child Online Protection Act, a law intended to protect children from commercial Web sites trafficking in pornography. The three-judge panel ruled that the law, which required such sites to forbid access to Internet users who could not provide proof of their age, fell far short of meeting First Amendment standards of free speech. Though praising the efforts of Congress to protect children, the judges rejected the law’s reliance on "community standards" to define pornography and asserted that it is impossible to simultaneously meet the moral standards of communities such as Chicago, Amsterdam, and Tehran. (New York Times 23 Jun 2000)


COURT UPHOLDS COMPUTER OBSCENITY LAW
The ACLU and academia have lost a legal challenge to a Virginia law that prohibits state employees from downloading online pornography. Public university professors had challenged the law on First Amendment grounds, but Virginia’s full federal appeals court voted to uphold the law last Friday. The law was also upheld in a legal challenge last year. In Friday’s decision, Judge William Wilkins stated that public university professors in Virginia do not "possess a First Amendment right of academic freedom to determine for themselves the content of their courses and scholarship." Virginia Attorney General Mark L. Earley commended the judge’s ruling. (Washington Post, 24 June 2000)


McCain Renews Porn-Filter Push*
The Arizona senator continues to push his mandatory-filtering ban into law, this time by adding it to an appropriations bill on the Senate floor. Declan McCullagh reports from Washington. in Politics


SENATE OKS TWO PLANS TO MONITOR INTERNET ACTIVITY IN SCHOOLS
The Senate yesterday passed two amendments, one from Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) and another from Sen. Rick Santorum (R-Pa.),that address the use of filtering software in E-Rate funded schools and libraries. A joint panel will determine the fate of the dueling amendments. Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.) criticized McCain’s amendment, which requires the use of filtering software on school and library computers, for being overly broad and a potential detriment to free speech. Santorum’s amendment is less restrictive, giving local communities the power to determine whether filtering software or Internet-use policies will be used to protect minors from inappropriate Internet content on school and library computers. (Associated Press, 27 June 2000)


CONGRESS THREATENS FUNDING TO SCHOOLS, LIBRARIES THAT DON’T BLOCK WEB SMUT
The repeal of the Child Online Protection Act last month spurred some lawmakers in Congress to look for other legislative solutions to keep children from viewing inappropriate content on the Internet. Recently, Congress passed measures sponsored by Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) and Rep. Ernest Istook (R-Okla.) that tie continued funding of the federal E-Rate program to the installation of filtering programs. The Clinton administration opposes the bills, but congressional staffers say it is likely that Internet access controls of some sort eventually will be implemented. President Clinton believes these issues should be sorted out at the local level, says administration spokesman Stephen Boyd. The American Library Association (ALA), the ACLU, and the National Education Association all oppose McCain’s legislation. Some congressional staffers believe that legislation introduced by Sen. Rick Santorum (R-Pa.), or a compromise bill like it, has a good chance of passing. Santorum’s bill gives libraries and schools the option of using computer filters at their own discretion and forces all libraries and schools to come up with a written Internet-use policy. (Nando Times, 15 July 2000)


CHILD PROTECTION PANEL FOCUSES ON FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUES
The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) Commission held its second field hearing on issues regarding the mandated use of Internet filters in public schools and libraries. Several witnesses provided testimony before the panel, leading commission member Jerry Berman of the Center for Democracy and Technology to conclude that child online protection mandates will not receive the approval of Congress. Stanford University law Professor Larry Lessig took the opposing viewpoint, arguing that a narrowly worded child protection law is constitutionally viable. Congress could craft legislation that would place warning labels on Internet sites with inappropriate content for children, said Lessig. Filters would respond to these labels by blocking the sites, he added. Should Congress require the use of filters in schools and libraries, however, it is unlikely that these plans would stand up to a constitutional review, Lessig said. Meantime, the continued existence of the COPA commission is increasingly up in the air, as the group has no funding and will receive none unless Congress passes a bill before its summer break. (Newsbytes, 21 July 2000)


COPA Panel to Hear Testimony
The Commission on Child Online Protection is holding it last hearing this week in San Jose, California. Never mind that the law that created the commission has been overturned.


Judge to Rule on Sex.com
The courts could decide this week whether one of the Net’s most valuable domains is stolen property. A previous owner claims he’s lost millions to a scheming con man.


This Sex Drama’s Getting Hot
Whatever sins were committed over at sex.com are sure to leave someone hot and bothered. Judgment day could come within weeks. By Kristen Philipkoski.


Anti-Porn Law Worth Another Look
A COPA commissioner says that changes in technology and the proliferation of porn makes the controversial law worth revisiting. Witnesses testify about filtering and creating a Web red-light district. Oscar Cisneros reports from San Jose, California.


Commission Urges Net Porn Crackdown
CNN Interactive
http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/10/13/child.porn.online.ap/index.html


Panel: Rethink Net Porn Laws
USA Today
http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/cti676.htm


No Filtering Recs in COPA Report
The Commission on Child Online Protection sends 12 recommendations to Congress on Friday, and none of them involve filtering software. Declan McCullagh and Nicholas Morehead report from Washington. http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,39582,00.html


Final Report of the COPA Commission, Presented to Congress, October 20, 2000
http://www.copacommission.org/report/


Clinton, GOP Compromise on Net Filtering
Washington Post Online
http://www.washtech.com/news/regulation/4751-1.html


PANEL OPPOSES MANDATING USE OF FILTERING SOFTWARE
The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) Commission is set to submit its report to Congress. The report will recommend against mandatory filtering practices in public schools and libraries, says Network Solutions executive and commission chairman Donald Telage. "We did consider them, but not even the most conservative members of the commission felt that was the road to go down," Telage said. The commission is not entirely against the use of filtering technology, however. The report urges the government to promote the use of filtering technologies to protect children from inappropriate Internet content and challenges the industry to develop more sophisticated filters. The completion of the report comes as Congress is considering a bill that would require the use of software filters in public schools and libraries. That bill is tied to a federal spending bill that will likely be voted on soon. (Wall Street Journal, 19 October 2000)


JUDGES REVIEW THE CHILD ONLINE PROTECTION ACT
During an appellate court hearing to review a federal district judge's preliminary injunction against enforcing a new U.S. law intended to protect children from pornography, U.S. Circuit Judge Leonard Garth suggested that the law would lead to unacceptable censorship: "It seems to me that in terms of the World Wide Web, what the statute contemplates is that we would be remitted to the most severe standards, perhaps those of Iran or Iraq [where even the public showing of a woman's face is outlawed]." Critics of the law, which makes it a crime for commercial Web operators to expose children to harmful material, object to the vagueness of the word "harmful." An executive of the American Civil Liberties Union says, "This is a criminal standard we're applying, and there are a lot of real people out there running businesses and wondering what they can put on the Web." (Reuters/San Jose Mercury News, 4 Nov 99)


ANTI-PORN LAW UNDER FIRE
The assault on the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was joined once again yesterday as an alliance of publishers, Internet companies, and trade associations filed an amicus brief with the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, asking for the upholding of a previous ruling that deemed the law unconstitutional. The brief claims that COPA targets AIDS and abortion information, movie and audio reviews, and other forms of free speech on the Internet. A Philadelphia judge, at the behest of the ACLU, had earlier ruled that COPA was unconstitutional and prohibited its enforcement. Content providers have no practical means to bar minors from accessing harmful material without infringing on adults' rights to free speech, the amicus argues. An appeals panel will hear arguments on the issue this fall. (Wired News 09/01/99)


ACLU TO BATTLE NEW MEXICO ONLINE CENSORSHIP LAWS
The ACLU will be in court today to fight a New Mexico law that aims to keep children from accessing inappropriate Internet content. The legislation, signed into law in March, was barred from going into effect by a temporary injunction issued in June. New Mexico is appealing that ruling. The ACLU will argue that the law infringes on free speech and that it breaks the commerce clause of the Constitution. "New Mexico can't pass a law that affects people in other states," said ACLU attorney Ann Beeson. The New Mexico law is similar to the Communications Decency Act of 1996 and punishes law breakers with fines and jail sentences. Meanwhile, the ACLU will be able to hone its argumentation skills as it prepares to once again take up the fight against the Child Online Protection Act in early November. (Newsbytes 09/20/99)


CONGRESS QUESTIONS ISSUANCE OF OBSCENE INTERNET DOMAIN NAMES
A Congressional subcommittee is trying to determine who is responsible for allowing a number of obscene addresses to appear on the Web. Network Solutions Inc. (NSI), the company that until recently had exclusive rights to register names ending in the domain names .com, .net, and .org, had a policy against objectionable names, but five other companies are now authorized (on a trial basis) to process new registrations, and, after conferring with the Commerce Department, NSI decided not to try to impose that policy on its new competitors. Becky Burr of the Commerce Department said that putting constraints on new registration names would be a form of unacceptable censorship: "We would prefer that there not be dirty words on the Internet. But for the U.S. government to be involved in that decision would raise serious constitutional questions." (New York Times 29 Jul 99)


DOLE PROPOSAL TACKLES INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY
Republican presidential candidate Elizabeth Dole upped the ante in the family values debate by urging federal lawmakers to drop funding for libraries with computer terminals that permit the viewing of pornography on the Internet. In public remarks and letters to congressmen, Dole chastised the federal government for funding libraries that allow access to pornography on the Internet, arguing that the matter is one of values, not First Amendment rights. Dole is calling on Congress to amend the House's juvenile justice bill, so that even adults are denied access to pornographic Web content at federally funded libraries. According to Dole, "the congressional plan does not go far enough in promoting the values we share while protecting taxpayers and families from pornography on the Internet." (Washington Post 06/29/99)


SOFTWARE FILTERS IN SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES
The Senate Commerce Committee has approved a bill that would require schools or libraries that receive money from the federal Internet subsidy program to install software intended to filter out obscene material. Committee chair John McCain says, "No issue is more important to America than protecting our children." But civil liberties advocates, libraries, and education groups are opposing the legislation, as well as similar legislation that recently passed in the House of Representatives. Their argument is that the measure violates the First Amendment since filtering software blocks access not only to pornography but sometimes also to worthwhile sites, as when a site offering health information is screened out for using the word "breast." (Reuters/San Jose Mercury News 23 Jun 99)


AUSTRALIA TO CRACK DOWN ON INTERNET PORN
The Australian government says it will introduce legislation as soon as possible to ban all illegal or X-rated material on Australian-based Web sites, and will limit access to soft porn to people over 18. The government would require Internet service providers to remove Australian sites that carry such material if ordered to do so by the Australian Broadcasting Authority. Meanwhile, the head of the Internet Industry Association, which counts two of Australia's biggest ISPs as members, says, "It's simply impracticable for local ISPs and carriers to block material that's coming from offshore," and that what's really needed is more self-regulation by the industry, combined with parental supervision and international coordination. "We would love to see the government provide the funding for educational materials so that parents can learn about things they can do in the home." (Reuters 19 Mar 99)


SAFEGUARDS CONSIDERED AGAINST SMUT FOR SCHOOLS SEEKING INTERNET FUNDS
Larry Irving, chief of the Commerce Department's National Telecommunications and Information Administration, said Thursday that the Clinton administration wants schools and libraries receiving federal funding for Internet access to be required to implement usage policies that protect children from inappropriate content on the Web. Irving says the policies should assure parents that their children's educational experiences on the Internet are being safeguarded. The White House prefers a policy-oriented approach, rather than the use of filtering or blocking software, to keep children away from smut on the Internet, according to Irving. (Associated Press 04/09/99)


JAPAN REJECTS "FREE SPEECH" ARGUMENTS TO BAN CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
With the Interpol international law enforcement agency calling it responsible for 70-80% of all the child pornography available on the Internet, Japan has passed a law that will punish those guilty of paying for sex with children younger than 18 and that bans the sale, distribution, production, possession, import and export of child pornography. The law was a victory for a group of women legislators who have fought for its passage for two years; it was a defeat for those who argued that the ban would inhibit free speech. A Franciscan priest told policymakers that Japanese parents were angry that their children stumbled across pornography in the course of doing innocent searches (on phrases like "Japanese teens" or "Japanese dolls"), and added: "It's disgusting what you can find on the Internet without even trying." (New York Times 19 May 99)


JUDGE BLOCKS MICHIGAN NET CONTENT LAW
U.S. District Court Judge Arthur Tarnow handed the ACLU and other free speech groups a victory yesterday when he prevented from going into effect a new Michigan law that protects children on the Internet. The law was scheduled to take effect August 1 and was aimed at people who disseminate obscene material to children online, with penalties of up to two years in prison and a $10,000 fine. The ACLU argued that the law was too broad, and the judge agreed, noting that it would have violated First Amendment rights and the U.S. Commerce Clause. Tarnow wrote in his decision that the government should not undermine free speech to protect children on the Internet, as parents have less-restrictive means at their disposal to accomplish the task. (Reuters 07/29/99)


INTERNET PORN RULING APPEALED AGAIN
A Virginia law that prohibits state employees from using state computers to access sexually oriented content at work is being challenged in court by half a dozen public college professors, who are being represented by the ACLU. The professors argue that the law, which was declared unconstitutional in early 1998 and then reinstated one year later, hinders their academic research efforts on the Internet. The law "singles out a particular category of expression the legislature decided it didn't like," and thus is unconstitutional, says Majorie Helms, the ACLU lawyer representing the professors. The law provides exceptions for research that has been approved by a professor's dean, says William H. Hurd, senior counsel to Attorney General Mark L. Earley. (Washington Post, 10/27/99)


ONLINE PORN PANEL CHAIRMAN PLEADS FOR DONATIONS
The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) Commission managed to hold its third hearing last week, albeit under less than desirable circumstances, as the commission has heretofore been forced to rely upon a hodgepodge of donations due to Congress’ failure to provide funding for the group. The Senate has passed a bill that would provide the commission with $1 million in emergency funding and give the group until March 2001, as opposed to October of this year, to submit a report to Congress. COPA Commission Chairman Don Telage says the commission will be hard pressed to meet its current Oct. 21 deadline. Telage also says the panel is in dire need of funding from corporate sources. "We really need some companies to step up to the line and donate," Telage says. All corporations will be reimbursed for their contributions. If Congress provides more funding for the group, Telage says. He also said last week’s hearing was fruitful, noting that the adult entertainment industry would like to aid law enforcement in keeping minors from accessing inappropriate Web content.(Newsbytes, 4 Aug 2000)


Testimony of Senator Joe Lieberman Before Children’s Online Protection Act Commission


Virginia Fails to Block Net Porn
Virginia is one of many states that have tried to ban erotica from the Net -- and like the rest, it failed. A U.S. District Judge blocks enforcement of the law. By Declan McCullagh.


Court Strikes Down Criminal Law on Morphed Child Porn Images